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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume pests, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect which are bred in the laboratory and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being useful for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are extremely harmful pests of newly ploughed useful content grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of the host plants. It is an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts insects, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce pest densities on large industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. But successful control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the procedure of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism that manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their continue reading this ancestors.
